central nervous system
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A diagram showing the CNS:
1. Brain
2. Central nervous system
(brain and spinal cord)
3. Spinal cord
The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in the control of behavior. The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain within the cranial subcavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity.
Since the strong theoretical influence of cybernetics in the fifties, the CNS is conceived as a system devoted to information processing, where an appropriate motor output is computed as a response to a sensory input. Yet, many threads of research suggest that motor activity exists well before the maturation of the sensory systems and then, that the senses only influence behavior without dictating it. This has brought the conception of the CNS as an autonomous system.
See main article on Brain Function
In the developing fetus, the CNS originates from the neural plate, a specialised region of the ectoderm, the most external of the three embryonic layers. During embryonic development, the neural plate folds and forms the neural tube. The internal cavity of the neural tube will give rise to the ventricular system. The regions of the neural tube will differentiate progressively into transversal systems. First, the whole neural tube will differentiate into its two major subdivisions: spinal cord (caudal) and brain (rostral/cephalic). Consecutively, the brain will differentiate into brainstem and prosencephalon. Later, the brainstem will subdivide into rhombencephalon and mesencephalon, and the prosencephalon into diencephalon and telencephalon.
See main article on Neural development
The CNS is covered by the meninges, the brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord by the vertebrae. The rhombencephalon gives rise to the pons, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata, its cavity becomes the fourth ventricle. The mesencephalon gives rise to the tectum, pretectum, cerebral peduncle and its cavity develops into the mesencephalic duct or cerebral aqueduct. The diencephalon give rise to the subthalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus, its cavity to the third ventricle. Finally, the telencephalon gives rise to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the hippocampus and the neocortex, its cavity becomes the lateral (first and second) ventricles.
See main article on Neuroanatomy
The basic pattern of the CNS is highly conserved throughout the different species of vertebrates and during evolution. The major trend that can be observed is towards a progressive telencephalisation: while in the reptilian brain that region is only an appendix to the large olfactory bulb, it represent most of the volume of the mammalian CNS. In the human brain, the telencephalon covers most of the diencephalon and the mesencephalon. Indeed, the allometric study of brain size among different species shows a striking continuity from rats to whales, and allows us to complete the knowledge about the evolution of the CNS obtained through cranial endocasts.
See main article on Brain Evolution (Other relevant articles: Brain, Evolution, Encephalization, Neocortex, Archicortex, Vertebrate)
Parts of the vertebrate CNS
| Spinal cord |
| Brain |
Brain stem |
Rhombencephalon |
Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata
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| Mesencephalon |
Tectum, Cerebral peduncle, Pretectum, Mesencephalic duct
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| Prosencephalon |
Diencephalon |
Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Third ventricle
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| Telencephalon |
Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Neocortex, Lateral ventricles
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UPDATE: Schering-Plough To Buy Organon BioSciences For $14.4 Billion
Nasdaq - Mar 12 5:54 AM LONDON (Dow Jones) -- Schering-Plough on Monday said it would buy Organon BioSciences for $14.4 billion (11 billion euros) in a deal that will boost its line-up of central nervous system and women's health-care products.
Medical Notes
The Fayetteville Observer - Mar 11 8:54 PM Multiple Sclerosis affects the central nervous system. The community can assist the National Multiple Sclerosis Society by volunteering for the 2007 MS Walk.
Robot Salamander Helps Unlock Evolution Mysteries
TechNewsWorld.com - Mar 09 3:05 PM Scientists in Europe have created a robotic salamander that uses an amphibian type central nervous system to switch from swimming to walking as it crawls onto land out of water. The "Salamandra Robotica," built by the Biologically Inspired Robotics Group at Ecole Polytechnique Federale in Lausanne, Switzerland, is a groundbreaking creation, said the scientists involved in the project.
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