upper limb
In human anatomy, the upper limb (also upper extremity) refers to what in common English is known as the arm, that is, the region of the shoulder to the fingertips. It includes the entire limb, and thus, is not synonymous with the term upper arm.
General structures
The upper limb includes the following structures:
- Shoulder
- Arm (proper) - in anatomy, the region between the shoulder and the elbow
- Elbow
- Forearm
- Wrist
- Hand
Note that anatomists use the term arm to denote only the region between the shoulder and the elbow. This is in contrast to the proper English definition. Anatomists also use the term leg to refer to the region between the knee and the ankle. This, however, is the proper and traditional usage of the word, even though popular modern usage tends to include the thigh and foot in the definition.
Bones
The following bones are considered to be part of the upper limb:
- Clavicle - the only bone that directly articulates with the trunk
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpal bones
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
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General anatomy of upper limbs |
| Arm:
Clavipectoral triangle - Quadrangular space - Triangular space - Triangular interval - Axilla - Axillary sheath - Anterior axillary fold - Brachial fascia - Pectoral fascia - Axillary fascia - Fascial compartments of arm (Anterior, Posterior) - Lateral intermuscular septum - Medial intermuscular septum - Bicipital aponeurosis
Forearm: Cubital fossa - Interosseous membrane of the forearm - Posterior compartment of the forearm - Anterior compartment of the forearm - Antebrachial fascia - Carpal tunnel - Common extensor tendon - Common flexor tendon
Hand: Palmar aponeurosis - Finger - Extensor retinaculum of the hand - Flexor retinaculum of the hand - Anatomical snuff box - Extensor expansion
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Bones of upper limbs |
| pectoral girdle, clavicle: conoid tubercle - trapezoid line - costal tuberosity - subclavian groove
scapula: spine of scapula - suprascapular notch - acromion - glenoid cavity - glenoidal labrum - coracoid process
fossae (subscapular, supraspinatous, infraspinatous) borders (superior, lateral/axillary, medial/vertebral) angles (superior, inferior, lateral) tubercles (infraglenoid, supraglenoid)
humerus: upper extremity - necks (anatomical, surgical) - tubercles (greater, lesser) - intertubercular groove
body - radial sulcus - deltoid tuberosity
lower extremity - capitulum - trochlea - epicondyles (lateral, medial) - supracondylar ridges (lateral, medial) - fossae (radial, coronoid, olecranon)
ulna: upper extremity (olecranon, coronoid process, tuberosity, radial notch, semilunar notch) - body of ulna - lower extremity (styloid process)
radius: upper extremity (tuberosity) - body - lower extremity (ulnar notch, styloid process)
carpus: scaphoid - lunate - triquetral - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate (hamulus)
metacarpus: 1st metacarpal - 2nd - 3rd - 4th - 5th
phalanges of the hand
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Joints and ligaments of upper limbs |
| SHOULDER - sternoclavicular: anterior sternoclavicular - posterior sternoclavicular - interclavicular - costoclavicular
acromioclavicular: acromioclavicular - coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid) - coracoacromial - superior transverse scapular - inferior transverse of scapula
glenohumeral: coracohumeral - glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior) - transverse humeral - glenoid labrum
ELBOW - proximal radioulnar, humeroradial, humeroulnar: ulnar collateral - radial collateral - annular - oblique cord
distal radioulnar volar radioulnar - dorsal radioulnar
wrist/radiocarpal: palmar radiocarpal - dorsal radiocarpal - ulnar collateral - radial collateral
intercarpal, midcarpal: pisohamate ligament - pisometacarpal ligament
carpometacarpal: dorsal carpometacarpal - palmar carpometacarpal
intermetacarpal: deep transverse metacarpal - superficial transverse metacarpal
metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal
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Muscles of upper limbs |
| VERTEBRAL COLUMN: trapezius - latissimus dorsi - rhomboid major - rhomboid minor - levator scapulae
ANTERIOR AND LATERAL THORACIC WALLS: pectoralis major - pectoralis minor - subclavius - serratus anterior
SHOULDER: deltoid - rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis) - teres major
ARM: anterior compartment: coracobrachialis - biceps brachii - brachialis
posterior compartment: triceps brachii - anconeus
FOREARM: anterior compartment super. - pronator teres - palmaris longus - flexor carpi radialis - flexor carpi ulnaris - flexor digitorum superficialis
deep - pronator quadratus - flexor digitorum profundus - flexor pollicis longus
posterior compartment super. - mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis) - extensor digitorum, - extensor digiti minimi - extensor carpi ulnaris
deep - supinator - anatomical snuff box (abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus) - extensor indicis
HAND: Lateral volar - abductor pollicis brevis - thenar (opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis)
Medial volar - palmaris brevis - hypothenar (abductor minimi digiti, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi)
Intermediate - lumbrical - dorsal interossei - palmar interossei
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Arteries of upper limbs |
| AXILLARY: scapular anastomosis - 1st part superior thoracic - 2nd part thoracoacromial - lateral thoracic - 3rd part subscapular (circumflex scapular - thoracodorsal) - anterior humeral circumflex - posterior humeral circumflex
BRACHIAL: profunda brachii (radial collateral, medial collateral) - superior ulnar collateral - inferior ulnar collateral
RADIAL: forearm radial recurrent - palmar carpal branch - superficial palmar branch - wrist dorsal carpal branch (dorsal carpal arch, dorsal metacarpal) - hand princeps pollicis - radial of index finger - deep palmar arch (palmar metacarpal)
ULNAR: forearm anterior ulnar recurrent - posterior ulnar recurrent - common interosseous (anterior interosseous, posterior interosseous, interosseous recurrent) - wrist palmar carpal branch - dorsal carpal branch - hand superficial palmar arch (common palmar digital, proper palmar digital) - deep palmar branch - palmar carpal arch
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Veins of upper limbs
superficial (dorsal venous network of hand - cephalic - median cubital - accessory cephalic - basilic - median antebrachial)
deep (radial - ulnar - brachial - axillary)
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Nerves of upper limbs (primarily): the brachial plexus |
supraclavicular: dorsal scapular - suprascapular - to the subclavius - long thoracic
infraclavicular:
lateral cord: musculocutaneous (lateral cutaneous of forearm) - lateral pectoral - lateral head of median (anterior interosseous, palmar, common palmar digital, proper palmar digital)
medial cord: medial pectoral - medial cutaneous of forearm - medial cutaneous of arm - ulnar (muscular branches, dorsal branch, palmar branch, superficial branch, deep branch) - medial head of median
posterior cord: subscapular (upper, lower) - thoracodorsal - axillary (superior lateral cutaneous of arm) - radial (muscular, inferior lateral cutaneous of arm, posterior cutaneous of arm, posterior cutaneous of forearm, superficial branch, deep branch, posterior interosseous)
cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs
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Lymphatics of upper limbs
supratrochlear - deltopectoral
axillary (brachial, pectoral axillary, subscapular axillary, central, apical)
Search Term: "Upper_limb"
Category: Upper limb anatomy |
